Manorma Sinha & Anr. vs. The Divisional Manager, Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd. & Anr. [Civil Appeal No. ______ of 2025 @ SLP (C) No. 19878 of 2022], authored by Manoj Misra, J., given first in English and then in Telugu translation. Question before the Court: The liability to pay compensation was not in dispute. The only issue was whether the High Court was justified in reducing the compensation awarded by the Motor Accident Claims Tribunal (MACT) from ₹88,20,454 to ₹38,15,499. Difference between Tribunal and High Court computation: The Tribunal included all allowances in the salary (₹53,367/month) and applied 50% future prospects, using a multiplier of 18, fixing total compensation at ₹88,20,454. The High Court, however, excluded allowances, applied 40% future prospects, deducted 30% income tax flatly, and reduced the multiplier to 17, fixing ₹38,15,499. Inclusion of allowances in salary: The Court held that the High Court was wrong in excluding allowances. Referring to National Insurance Co. Ltd. v. Indira Srivastava (2008) 2 SCC 763, Vijay Kumar Rastogi v. UPSRTC (2018 SCC OnLine SC 193), and National Insurance Co. Ltd. v. Nalini (2024 SCC OnLine SC 2252), the Court held: “Income” includes not just basic pay but other benefits and allowances that contribute to the family’s financial well-being. Hence, the Tribunal rightly computed income at ₹53,367/month including allowances. Deduction for income tax: The Court accepted that tax deduction is permissible under Ranjana Prakash v. Divisional Manager (2011) 14 SCC 639, but said that: Deduction must be at the actual applicable rate, not an arbitrary 30%. Based on 2011 tax slabs, tax was computed at ₹62,080 on ₹6,40,400 annual income, giving net annual income ₹5,78,324. Thus, the High Court’s 30% flat deduction was incorrect. Future prospects: The deceased was a 27-year-old engineer working in Power Grid Corporation of India (a PSU) with permanent employment. Following Pranay Sethi (2017) 16 SCC 680, addition for future prospects must be 50%, not 40%. Hence, the High Court erred in reducing it. Computation of compensation: Net annual income after tax = ₹5,78,324 50% deduction for personal expenses (unmarried) = ₹2,89,162 +50% future prospects (₹1,44,581) = ₹4,33,743 (annual dependency) Applying multiplier 17 → ₹4,33,743 × 17 = ₹73,73,631 Conventional heads (non-pecuniary damages): Following Pranay Sethi, the Court awarded: Loss of estate = ₹15,000 Filial consortium = ₹40,000 Funeral expenses = ₹15,000 → Total = ₹74,43,631. Final decision: Appeal allowed. High Court’s order modified. Compensation enhanced to ₹74,43,631. Interest @ 6% p.a. from the date of claim petition till payment. . TELUGU కోర్టు ముందు ఉన్న ప్రధాన ప్రశ్న: బీమా సంస్థకు పరిహారం చెల్లించాల్సిన బాధ్యతపై వివాదం లేదు. ప్రశ్న ఏమిటంటే — హైకోర్టు పరిహారం మొత్తాన్ని తగ్గించడం న్యాయసంగతమా? ట్రిబ్యునల్ మరియు హైకోర్టు లెక్కల మధ్య తేడా: ట్రిబ్యునల్ — జీతంలో అన్ని అలవెన్సులను కలిపి (₹53,367 నెలకు), 50% భవిష్యత్ అవకాశాలు జోడించి, మల్టిప్లయర్ 18 తీసుకుని మొత్తం ₹88,20,454 గా నిర్ణయించింది. హైకోర్టు — అలవెన్సులను తొలగించి, 40% భవిష్యత్ అవకాశాలు, 30% స్థిరమైన ఆదాయపన్ను తగ్గింపు, మల్టిప్లయర్ 17 తీసుకొని ₹38,15,499 మాత్రమే నిర్ణయించింది. అలవెన్సులను జీతంలో చేర్చాలా?: సుప్రీంకోర్టు తెలిపింది — హైకోర్టు తప్పుగా అలవెన్సులను తీసివేసింది. ఈ నిర్ణయాలకు ఆధారం: National Insurance Co. Ltd. v. Indira Srivastava (2008) 2 SCC 763 Vijay Kumar Rastogi v. UPSRTC (2018 SCC OnLine SC 193) National Insurance Co. Ltd. v. Nalini (2024 SCC OnLine SC 2252) కోర్టు స్పష్టం చేసింది: “ఆదాయం” అంటే కేవలం ప్రాథమిక జీతం కాదు; అలవెన్సులు, ఇతర ప్రయోజనాలు కూడా కుటుంబం యొక్క ఆర్థిక స్థితిని ప్రభావితం చేస్తాయి. కాబట్టి ట్రిబ్యునల్ లెక్క (₹53,367 నెలకు) సరికాదు కాదు. ఆదాయ పన్ను తగ్గింపు: Ranjana Prakash (2011) 14 SCC 639 ప్రకారం పన్ను తగ్గింపు అనుమతించదగినది. కానీ అది సంబంధిత సంవత్సరంలోని వాస్తవ పన్ను రేటు ప్రకారం ఉండాలి, 30% స్థిరంగా కాదు. 2011 పన్ను స్లాబ్ ప్రకారం పన్ను ₹62,080, నికర వార్షిక ఆదాయం ₹5,78,324. కాబట్టి హైకోర్టు 30% తగ్గింపు తప్పు. భవిష్యత్ అవకాశాలు (Future Prospects): మరణించిన వ్యక్తి 27 ఏళ్ల వయసు గల ఇంజనీర్, Power Grid Corporation of India లో శాశ్వత ఉద్యోగి. Pranay Sethi (2017) 16 SCC 680 ప్రకారం 50% భవిష్యత్ అవకాశాలు ఇవ్వాలి. కాబట్టి హైకోర్టు 40% మాత్రమే ఇవ్వడం తప్పు. పరిహారం లెక్క: వార్షిక ఆదాయం (పన్ను తర్వాత) ₹5,78,324 వ్యక్తిగత ఖర్చుల తగ్గింపు (50%) ₹2,89,162 భవిష్యత్ అవకాశాలు (50%) ₹1,44,581 మొత్తం ఆధార ఆదాయం ₹4,33,743 మల్టిప్లయర్ 17 → ₹4,33,743 × 17 = ₹73,73,631 సాంప్రదాయ శీర్షికల పరిహారం: (Pranay Sethi ప్రకారం) ఆస్తి నష్టం: ₹15,000 ప్రేమాభిమాన నష్టం: ₹40,000 అంత్యక్రియ ఖర్చు: ₹15,000 → మొత్తం పరిహారం = ₹74,43,631 తీర్మానం: అప్పీల్ అంగీకరించబడింది. హైకోర్టు ఆదేశం సవరించబడింది. పరిహారం ₹74,43,631కి పెంచబడింది. దావా దాఖలు తేదీ నుండి చెల్లింపు వరకు 6% వడ్డీతో చెల్లించాలి. . JUDGEMENT Manorma Sinha & Anr. Vs. The Divisional Manager, Oriental Insurance Company Ltd. & Anr. [Civil Appeal No._________ of 2025 @ Special Leave to Appeal (C) no. 19878/2022] Manoj Misra, J. 1. Leave granted. 2. This appeal arises out of judgment and order of the High Court of Judicature at Patna1 dated 04.07.2022 passed in Miscellaneous Appeal No. 804 of 2017, whereby the compensation awarded by the XIth Additional District and Sessions Judge - cum - Motor Accident Claims Tribunal, Muzaffarpur2 in Claim Case No. 196 of 2011 was reduced from Rs. 88,20,454 to Rs. 38,15,499. 3. As liability to pay compensation is not in issue, the question that arises for our consideration is whether the High Court was justified in reducing the compensation payable to the appellant. 4. The operative part of the award passed by the Tribunal including computation of compensation is found in paragraphs 10 to 12 of the award, which are reproduced below: "10. Multiplier: So far quantum of compensation is concerned, the proper multiplier will be 18 as per Schedule-II of the M.V. Act, as the age of deceased was 27 years as per evidence on record. As per Ext. A & A/1 submitted by O.P. No. 2 Insurer (Insurance Company) and also Ext. 1 salary slip submitted by Claimant the salary of the deceased for the month of Feb., 2011 was as under: Basic Pay - Rs. 26,420/- D.A.: 43% - Rs. 11,360/- Local Allowance: 10% - Rs. 2,642/- Other allowances: 49% i.e. Rs. 12,945.80 Thus, total salary of deceased comes to Rs. 53,367 per month. Therefore, loss of dependency would come to Rs. 53,367 x 12 x 18 = Rs. 1,15,27,272/- Out of which ½ his personal expenses would be deducted and then loss of dependency would be Rs. 57,63,636/-. In which 50% future prospects would be added i.e. amount Rs. 28,81,818/- then loss of dependency would be Rs. 86,45,454/-. 11. In addition, the claimants are entitled to get a sum of Rs. 1,00,000/- under the head of loss of estate, Rs. 1,00,000/- towards loss of love and affection and Rs. 15,000/- as funeral expenses. Thus, total compensation will be Rs. 88,70,454/- Hence, claimants are entitled to get Rs. 88,70,454/- with interest thereon at the rate of 6% per annum. 12. Perusal of case record it is evident that claimants have already received Rs. 50,000/- as ad-interim compensation U/s. 140 M.V. Act. Hence, this amount would be adjusted from the amount of Rs. 88,70,454/-. Then it comes to Rs. 88,20,454/- as total compensation U/s. 166 M.V. Act. Hence claimants are entitled to get the said amount with interest thereon @ 6% per annum. Therefore, it is, ORDERED That the O.P. No. 2 Oriental Insurance Company Limited, Muzaffarpur is directed to pay the total compensation amount of Rs. 88,20,454/- to the claimants within two months with interest thereon @ 6% per annum from the date of filing till the date of realization failing which the law will take its own course." 5. On an appeal preferred by the Insurance Company (the respondent herein), the High Court computed the compensation in the following manner: "In view of the above, the computation of the claim of the appellant would be as follows: 1. Monthly basic salary Rs. 26,420/- 2. D.A. (43%) Rs. 11,360/- 3. Future prospect @ 40% Rs. 15,892/- Rs. 52,892/- 4. Yearly income (52,892 x 12) Rs. 6,34,704/- 5. Less of 30% income tax -1,90,411/- Rs. 4,44,293/- 6. Less of 50% personal expense (unmarried) - 2,22,146/- Rs. 2,22,147 7. Multiplier (17 x 2,22147) Rs. 37,76,499/- + 39,000 8. Conventional head (unmarried) (30,000 + 3,000 each in 2014, 2017 and 2020) Rs. 38,15,499/ The aforesaid total amount of Rs. 38,15,499/- shall be paid by the Insurance Company to the respondent/claimants within a period of three months with interest thereon at the rate of 6% per annum from the date of petition till the date of realization." 6. The difference between the order of the Tribunal and that of the High Court as regards the mode of computation of compensation is clear. The High Court while computing the compensation has, inter alia, excluded the allowances payable as per the last pay slip and gave future prospects at the rate of 40% in place of 50% as was given by the Tribunal. Besides above, the High Court made a flat deduction of 30% towards income tax. 7. We have heard the learned counsel for the parties and have perused the materials on record. 8. The submission of the learned counsel for the appellant is that the High Court has erred in not including the allowances payable for computing the compensation and has also erred in reducing the income by a flat rate of 30% deductible towards income tax even though it might not be even leviable. It is submitted that if any deduction towards income tax is to be made it cannot be at a rate different from the rate at which the tax is payable on the annualized income based on the last pay slip. It has been submitted that the income tax slab prevailing in 2011 were: annual income up to Rs.1.60 lacs - Nil; annual income between Rs.1.60 lacs to Rs.5 lacs - 10%; annual income between Rs.5 lacs and Rs. 8 lacs - 20%; and annual income above Rs.8 lacs - 30%. 9. Per contra, the learned counsel for the respondent submitted that though the tax payable may vary but the allowances must be excluded in computation of salary in view of decision of this Court in the case of Gestetner Duplicators (Pvt.) Ltd. v. Commissioner of Income Tax, West Bengal3. Further, while computing compensation deduction towards income tax is to be made as held by this Court in Ranjana Prakash & others v. Divisional Manager & another4. 10. We have given due consideration to the rival submissions. 11. Before we proceed to determine the just compensation payable in the context of submissions made before us, it would be useful to mention that there is no dispute in respect of the age of the deceased at the time of accident, which, as per finding returned by the Tribunal, not disturbed by the High Court, was 27 years. Therefore, multiplier of 17, which has been adopted by the High Court is correct.5 12. Now, the next question is whether allowances are to be added to the salary for determining the multiplicand. In National Insurance Co. Ltd. v. Indira Srivastava & Ors.6 it was held that "the term income has different connotations for different purposes. A court of law, having regard to the change in societal conditions consider the question not only having regard to pay packet the employee carries home at the end of the month but also other perks which are beneficial to the members of the entire family". In Vijay Kumar Rastogi v. Uttar Pradesh State Roadways Transport Corporation7 a three-Judge Bench of this court noticing earlier decisions on the point observed that "the income should include those benefits, either in terms of money or otherwise, which are taken into consideration for the purpose of payment of income tax or professional tax, although some elements thereof may not be taxable due to exemption conferred thereupon under the statute." Following the decision in Vijay Kumar Rastogi (supra) in National Insurance Company Ltd. v. Nalini & Ors.8 it was held by this Court that the emoluments and the benefits accruing to the deceased under various heads for the purposes of computation of loss of income, ought to be included irrespective of whether they are taxable or not. Thus, in our view, the High Court erred in excluding the allowances from the computation to arrive at the multiplicand. Hence, the total monthly income was rightly computed by the Tribunal at Rs.53,367. 13. As regards deduction towards income tax is concerned, same is permissible in view of the decision of this Court in Ranjana Prakash9 (supra). However, in our view, deduction towards income tax should be at such rate which the annual income may be subjected to in the relevant year. It is not demonstrated that the allowances received were exempt from income tax. Even the nature of allowances has not been disclosed to enable us to determine whether they are exempt from tax. Therefore, we include them in the annual income and compute the annual income as Rs. 6,40,400 (approximately) for the purposes of tax. The tax payable in the relevant year (i.e., with reference to the date of death) would be Rs.62,080 (Tax: Nil up to Rs. 1.60 lacs; Rs.34,000 @ 10% up to Rs.5.00 lacs; and Rs.28,080 @ 20% up to Rs.6,40,400). Thus, net annual income from salary after deduction of income tax, with the allowances, would be Rs.5,78,324. 14. In so far as addition for future prospects is concerned, High Court gave @ of 40% of actual income whereas Tribunal gave @ of 50%. The deceased was an Engineer employed with Power Grid Corporation of India, which is a public sector undertaking. There is no material to indicate that his job was not permanent in nature or that he was on a contract for a limited period. In such circumstances, in our view, addition for future prospects would have to be at the rate of 50% considering that deceased was aged below 40 years at the time of accident.10 Therefore, the High Court was not justified in adding future prospects at the rate of 40% in place of 50% as awarded by the Tribunal. 15. In view the discussion above, after deducting 50% towards personal expenses, 50% of annual net salary would be Rs.2,89,162. 50% of it for future prospects would be Rs.1,44,581. Thus, net annual income post deduction towards personal expenses and addition for future prospects would be Rs.4,33,743. Consequently, the multiplicand for determining loss of dependency would be Rs.4,33,743. As we have found that multiplier would be 17, the loss of dependency would be 4,33,743 X 17 = Rs.73,73,631. Compensation payable under conventional heads such as loss of filial consortium, loss of estate and funeral expenses can be taken at the rate specified in Pranay Sethi (supra)11 as the accident is of the year 2011. Hence, we deem it appropriate to add Rs.15,000 towards loss of estate, Rs.40,000 towards loss of filial consortium and Rs.15,000 towards funeral expenses to Rs.73,73,631 to determine total compensation payable as Rs.74,43,631. 16. We, therefore, allow the appeal, modify the order of the High Court by enhancing the compensation payable to the appellants to Rs.74,43,631 with a direction that the aforesaid compensation shall carry interest @ six percent per annum from the date of the claim petition till the date of actual payment. ....................J. (Pamidighantam Sri Narasimha) ....................J. (Manoj Misra) New Delhi; October 15, 2025 1 High Court 2 Tribunal 3 (1979) 2 SCC 354 4 (2011) 14 SCC 639 5 See: Sarla Verma & Ors. v. Delhi Transport Corporation & Ors., (2009) 6 SCC 121, paragraph 42, affirmed in National Insurance Company Limited v. Pranay Sethi & Ors., (2017) 16 SCC 680, paragraph 59.6. 6 (2008) 2 SCC 763, paragraph 9 7 2018 SCC OnLine SC 193 paragraph 11 8 2024 SCC OnLine SC 2252 9 See Paragraph 9 of the judgment in Ranjana Prakash referred to in Footnote 4 10 See paragraph 59.3 of the judgment in Pranay Sethi (see footnote 5) 11 See: Paragraph 59.8 of Pranay Sethi decision referred to in Footnote No.5