State of Rajasthan & Ors. v. Anisur Rahman & Connected Matters  

(17 October 2025) by the Supreme Court of India, and below them I have provided a translation (in Telugu) of those reasons.



===The central question in these petitions is whether doctors practising allopathy and doctors practising indigenous systems of medicine (such as Ayurveda, Homeopathy, Unani etc) can be treated equally for service-conditions such as retirement age. 

Earlier decisions:

===In New Delhi Municipal Corporation v. Dr. Ram Naresh Sharma & Ors., the Bench held that AYUSH doctors (indigenous system) and allopathy doctors in the CHS could not be placed in separate categories because though the systems differ, they render the very same service to patients so classification would be unreasonable and discriminatory. 

In State of Gujarat & Ors. v. Dr. P. A. Bhatt & Ors., the Court distinguished the earlier case and held that classification based on educational qualification is valid; in particular, it found that allopathic doctors perform emergency, trauma, complicated surgeries which AYUSH doctors typically do not, hence not equal for “equal work / equal pay” type claims. 


Subsequent case Dr. Solamon A. v. State of Kerala & Ors. held similarly that AYUSH/­Ayurvedic doctors cannot seek parity with allopathic doctors given the differences in academic qualification and standards. 

Also in Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences & Anr. v. Bikartan Das & others it was held that age of superannuation is governed by specific rules, and that equality of work does not automatically lead to equal service conditions unless the statutory framework provides. 

The Court observed that despite the above precedents, there is ambiguity when it comes to service-conditions like retirement age and pay packages for doctors administering different forms of medicine. It emphasised the test must be: identity of functions, similarity in work carried out and comparable duties assigned. 
The Court accepted that there are qualitative distinctions between allopathy doctors (MBBS etc) vs indigenous‐system doctors (AYUSH). For example:

Allopathy doctors deal with critical care, immediate life-saving measures, invasive procedures including surgeries and even post-mortem; the Court held these are not ordinarily carried out by AYUSH doctors. 

The foot-fall (number of patients) in hospitals run by allopathy doctors is far more than in institutions of indigenous systems. 

The curriculum, diagnostics, treatment philosophy, medicine composition in allopathy diverge substantially from indigenous system practice. 

The Court also accepted the States’ argument: the enhancement of retirement age (for allopathy doctors) was a measure to ensure sufficient qualified and experienced allopathy doctors are available for public health. The shortage of allopathy doctors was held to be a relevant state interest, which gives a “reasonable nexus” for differential treatment. 
On the constitutional front, the Court reaffirmed the principle that: “treatment of unequals as equals is not permissible.” If two categories of employees are not similarly situated with respect to functions and duties, equality in service conditions cannot be mechanically applied. 
Referral to Larger Bench: Because of the conflicting judgments in earlier decisions and the importance of the question, the Court referred the issue to a Larger Bench for authoritative final decision. 

Interim Directions: Pending the Larger Bench decision:

States may continue AYUSH doctors beyond their stipulated retirement age up to the retirement age applicable to allopathy doctors but without regular pay and allowances. 

If the state allows continuation, those doctors shall be paid half the pay and allowances during the interim period. If final decision favours them, the half-pay may be regularised/adjusted. If not, the half-pay may be adjusted against pension or other dues. 

If an individual refuses to continue on these terms, they will be treated as retired and the outcome of the reference will not affect them. 

                TELUGU

ఈ కేసుల్లో ప్రధాన ప్రశ్న ఏమిటంటే – ఆలొపాథి వైద్యులు మరియు ఆదివైద్య, ఆయుర్వైద్య, యూనాని, హోమీప్యాథీ లాంటి స్థానిక వైద్య వ్యవస్థల వైద్యులు (AYUSH) సేవ నియమాలలో, ముఖ్యంగా తిరుగుబాటుదల వయస్సు (రటైర్మెంట్ ఎేజ్) విషయంలో సమానంగా వ్యవహరించబడ్డారా అన్నది. 

గడిచిన తీర్పులు:

New Delhi Municipal Corporation వర్సెస్ Dr Ram Naresh Sharma లో, CHS లోని జనరల్ డ్యూటీ మెడికల్ ఆఫీసర్లు (GDMO)కి సూపరాన్యూవేషన్ వయస్సు 60 నుంచి 65 కి పెరిగినప్పుడు, AYUSH వైద్యులు ఆహలుబద్ధంగా కాకపోవడం దృష్ట్యా విచారించబడింది. అక్కడ యూ.కెబినెట్ నిర్ణయం ద్వారా AYUSH వైద్యులకు కూడా 65 వయస్సు వరకూ వయస్సు పెంపుని అనుమతించారు. అది విధానం-ప్రాముఖ్యంగా తీసుకొని, అన్ని వైద్య వ్యవస్థల వైద్యులు ఒకే వర్గంలో చేర్చలేనని తీర్పులో చెప్పబడింది. 

State of Gujarat v. Dr P.A. Bhatt లో, వేరే విధమైన వాదనలు వచ్చాయి: విద్యాసంబంధిత అర్హతల ఆధారంగా వర్గీకరణ చట్టవిరుద్ధం కాదు అన్న తీర్పు ఇచ్చారు; Allopathy వైద్యులు అత్యవసర చికిత్స, ట్రామా, శస్త్ర చికిత్సలను నిర్వహించేవారిగా AYUSH వైద్యులు సాధారణంగా చేయలేరని తీర్పులో వివరిసారు. 

Solamon A. కేసులో కూడా, ఐదే విధంగా AYUSH/ఆదివైద్య వైద్యులు Allopathy వైద్యులకు సమ‎ అవకాశాలు వాదించలేరు అని చెప్పబడింది. 

CCRAS v. Bikartan Das లో, సూపరాన్యూవేషన్ వయస్సు ప్రత్యేక నిబంధనలు కలిగి ఉంటాయని, పని సమానమైనదని ఉన్న మేరకు సేవా పరిస్థితులలో సార్వత్రిక సమానాన్ని ప్రామాణికంగా వర్తింపజేయలేమని నిర్ణయించబడింది. 

కోటేషనుచేసే తీర్పులు మధ్య ఉన్న తేడాలన్నింటికీ మధ్యలో, ఈ బెంచ్ గమనించింది – సేవా నియమాల విషయంలో (ఉదాహరణకు రిటైర్మెంట్ వయస్సు, జీతం) ఒక స్పష్టం-తేడా ఉందని. ఈ విషయంలో పరీక్ష ఇది అని చెప్పబడింది: ఫంక్షన్‌ల ఐడియంటిటీ (ఒకటే విధులు), పని సమానత, విధులు తృటిలేని వటెనం (comparable duties) ఉన్నాయా అన్నది. 

ముఖ్యంగా తేడాలు:

Allopathy వైద్యులు అత్యవసర చికిత్స, జీవితరక్షణా చర్యలు, శస్త్రచికిత్సలు, పోస్టుమార్టం వంటి బాధ్యతలను నిర్వహిస్తారని తీర్పులో గుర్తించారు; AYUSH వైద్యులు సాధారణంగా ఇవిలాంటివి చేయరు అని చెప్పబడింది. 

ప్రభుత్వ ఆసుపత్రులలో Allopathy వైద్యులతో నడిచే ఆసుపత్రుల్లో రోగుల పాదార్పణ (foot-fall) AYUSH వ్యవస్థ ఆసుపత్రుల కన్నా ఎంతో అధికంగా ఉందని తీర్పులో పేర్కొన్నారు. 
విద్యా కోర్సులు, నిర్ధారణ విధానాలు, చికిత్సా తత్వాలు, మందుల సంయోజనాల విషయంలో Allopathy మరియు AYUSH వ్యవస్థల మధ్య తేడాలు ఉన్నాయని గుర్తింపు ఇచ్చారు. 

రాష్ట్రాల వాదనలు కూడా తీర్పులో గుర్తించబడ్డాయి: Allopathy వైద్యుల కొరత ఉన్న విషయం, వారికి వయస్సు పెంచడం ద్వారా అనుభవం గల వైద్యులు పరిపూర్ణంగా సేవ ఇవ్వగలరని రాష్ట్రాల వారు వాదించారు. ఈ వాదన ప్రభుత్వ ఆరోగ్యసేవల పరిరక్షణ అనే చట్టబద్ధ ఉద్దేశ్యంతో సార్వంగా సమర్థత (reasonable nexus) కలిగి ఉందని తీర్పులో చెప్పబడింది. 

రాజ్యాంగ పరంగా, సంఘటన ఇది – సమానులని సమానంగా, అసమానులని అసమానంగా వ్యవహరించాలి అనే ప్రపం­పంచసిద్ధాంతం తిరిగి గుర్తించబడింది. రెండు వర్గాలు పని, విధులు ప్రకారంగా ఒకటే స్థోతివుండకపోతే, సేవా నియమాల విషయంలో స్వయంచాలకంగా సమానత్వాన్ని అన్వయించలేము. 

లార్జర్ బెంచ్ కు రిఫరెన్స్ చేయడం: ఈ విషయంలో వివిధ తీర్పులు ఉండటం, చట్టబద్ధంగా స్పష్టత లేనిలా ఉండటం కారణంగా, స్పష్ట నిర్ణయం పొందేందుకు ఈ కేసును పెద్ద బెంచ్‌కు వెంపిక చేశారు. 

మధ్యంతర నిర్దేశాలు (ఇంటరిమ్):

చివరి తీర్పు వచ్చే దాకా, రాష్ట్రాలు AYUSH వైద్యులను వారి అందుబాటులో ఉన్న రిటైర్మెంట్ వయస్సు తర్వాత కూడా Allopathy వైద్యులకు ఉన్న రిటైర్మెంట్ వయస్సు వరకూ కొనసాగించవచ్చు – కానీ సాధారణ జీతం మరియు భత్యాలు లేకుండా. 

ఆ సమయంలో, వారి జీతం-భత్యాల యొక్క అర్ధం (half-pay) మాత్రమే చెల్లించబడతుందని నిర్ణయించబడింది. తుది తీర్పు AYUSH వైద్యులపేరు అనుకూలంగా ఉంటే ఈ रकम భాధ్యతలు లేదా పెన్షన్‌లో సమీకరించబడుతుంది, కాని తుది తీర్పు వ్యతిరేకంగా ఉంటే ఈ ఖర్చు వారి పెన్షన్ లేదా ఇతర వసూలులలో ప్రతిఫలించవచ్చు. 

ఐతే ఒక వైద్యుడు ఈ షరతులతో కొనసాగదలిస్తే, అతన్ని «రిటైర్డ్» గా భావించి, లార్జర్ బెంచ్ నిర్ణయం అతనిపై ప్రభావం చూపించదని సూచించారు.

JUDGEMENT

                                                                                 JUDGEMENT
State of Rajasthan and Ors. Vs. Anisur Rahman

[Special Leave Petition (C) No. 9563 of 2024]

[Special Leave Petition (C) No. 27110 of 2023]

[Special Leave Petition (C) No. 27095-27096 of 2023]

[Special Leave Petition (C) No. 11028 of 2024]

[Special Leave Petition (C) No. 9795 of 2024]

[Special Leave Petition (C) No. 10560 of 2024]

[Special Leave Petition (C) No. 14059 of 2024]

[Special Leave Petition (C) No. 11564 of 2024]

[Special Leave Petition (C) No. 11401 of 2024]

[Special Leave Petition (C) No. 14125 of 2024]

[Special Leave Petition (C) No. 12493 of 2024]

[Special Leave Petition (C) No. 12115 of 2024]

[Special Leave Petition (C) No. 21533 of 2024]

[Special Leave Petition (C) No. 17270 of 2024]

[Special Leave Petition (C) No. 19882 of 2024]

[Special Leave Petition (C) No. 19881 of 2024]

[Special Leave Petition (C) No. 19880 of 2024]

[Diary No. 41848 of 2024]

[Diary No. 41849 of 2024]

[Special Leave Petition (C) No. 27444 of 2024]

[Special Leave Petition (C) No. 27443 of 2024]

[Special Leave Petition (C) No. 11737 of 2025]

[Special Leave Petition (C) No. 11738 of 2025]

[Special Leave Petition (C) No. 1664 of 2025]

[Special Leave Petition (C) No. 11571 of 2025]

[Diary No. 11533 of 2025]

[Special Leave Petition (C) No. 26821 of 2025]

[Special Leave Petition (C) No. 26820 of 2025]

[Special Leave Petition (C) No. 26819 of 2025]

[Special Leave Petition (C) No. 28275 of 2025]

[Special Leave Petition (C) No. 28274 of 2025]

1. These Special Leave Petitions raise the question as to whether the doctors, practicing allopathy and indigenous medicine; like Ayurveda, Homeopathy, Unani etc. can be treated equally for the purpose of determining service conditions; herein, specifically retirement age.

2. Reliance has been placed on a series of judgements of this Court which took different stands on the question of retirement age and pay scales. In New Delhi Municipal Corporation v. Dr. Ram Naresh Sharma & Ors.1, a Division Bench was concerned with the enhancement of retirement age from 60 to 65 years, effected by the NDMC to General Duty Medical Officers (GDMO) of the Central Health Scheme (CHS), while the doctors covered under AYUSH (including Ayurvedic doctors) were denied the said benefit.

There were interim orders by the Administrative Tribunal and the High Court by virtue of which the AYUSH doctors were also continued. When the matters were pending, AYUSH came out with a communication that the doctors under it will also be enabled superannuation at 65 years with effect from 27.09.2017; as approved by the Union Cabinet. This Court found that the AYUSH doctors and the doctors under the CHS cannot be classified in different categories since though practicing different forms of medicine; indigenous system and allopathy, they render the very same service to the patients, and any classification would be unreasonable and discriminatory.

3. The issue with respect to different pay scales for doctors holding MBBS degree and its higher qualifications as distinguishable from doctors having a degree in indigenous systems came up for consideration in State of Gujarat & Ors. v. Dr. P.A. Bhatt & Ors.2 The decision in Dr. Ram Naresh Sharma1 was distinguished on three grounds. One, that it was based on a decision of the Union Cabinet permitting those doctors under AYUSH also the higher retirement age, which direction came when the matters were pending before the Court.

It was also held that the question of age of retirement stands on a different footing from the service conditions relating to pay and allowances and revision thereof. Then, it was emphasised that the fundamental distinction with respect to equal work for equal pay and as to whether the two categories of employees can be considered to be performing equal work or not, was not dealt with in Dr. Ram Naresh Sharma1.

4. Dr. P.A. Bhatt2 held, relying on a number of decisions, that the classification based on educational qualification was not violative of Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution of India. On the question of whether the allopathy doctors and the AYUSH doctors carry out similar work, entitling them to equal pay, the issue was found in the negative.

It was found that allopathy doctors are required to perform emergency treatment and provide trauma care and assist in complicated surgeries none of which can be performed by doctors having a degree in indigenous systems. While holding that every alternative system of medicine has its own place of pride in history, the practitioners of indigenous system of medicine do not, in the present times, perform the complicated functions of a doctor having MBBS. The learned Judges also observed that the footfalls in Government Hospitals manned by MBBS doctors are far more than that in an institution administering treatment under the indigenous systems of medicine.

5. Relying on the judgement in Dr.P.A. Bhatt2, another Division Bench of this Court in Dr.Solamon A. v. State of Kerala and Ors.3 found that the AYUSH or Ayurvedic doctors, having regard to the qualitative distinction in the academic qualifications and the standard of imparting respective degree courses, cannot seek parity with medical doctors.

6. Reliance was also played on Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences and Another v. Bikartan Das and Others4. In the said judgment, the question arose as to whether the enhancement of retirement age made by the Ministry of AYUSH for all doctors working under AYUSH and the CHS was applicable to the first respondent, since it was clarified that the enhancement would not be applicable to autonomous bodies functioning under the Ministry of Ayush.

Though, the issue is not similar to the one we are dealing with, what was stressed upon from that decision was the finding that the age of superannuation is always governed by statutory rules. Even if the nature of work involved in two streams are similar that cannot be a ground to equate or alter the service conditions of an employee governed by a set of rules. Referring to Dr.Ram Naresh Sharma1, it was also found that the decision turned on the order of the Ministry of AYUSH dated 24.11.2017, which was the finding in Dr. P.A. Bhatt2 also.

7. We are quite conscious of the fact that Dr. Ram Naresh Sharma1 was distinguished in Dr.P.A. Bhatt2. Still, there is an area of ambiguity insofar as service conditions, especially of retirement age and the pay packages, with reference to the doctors administering different forms of medical treatment, evaluated for the purposes of parity, should be ideally considered, according to us, on the touchstone of, identity of functions, similarity in work carried out and comparable duties assigned.

8. The claim for parity will have to be decided finally looking at the qualification acquired, the treatment practices, the functions, work and duties and so on. As has been noticed in Dr. P.A. Bhatt2, it is the MBBS doctors, the allopathy practitioners, who are dealing with critical care, immediate life saving measures, invasive procedures including surgeries and even postmortem; none of which can be carried out by any of the practitioners of indigenous systems of medicine. The contention of the States which have brought in two different retirement ages, is also that of public good and the concern expressed is of dearth of sufficient allopathy doctors.

As has been noticed in Dr. P.A. Bhatt (supra), it is common knowledge that the footfalls in allopathy institutions are far more than the institutions administrating indigenous system of medicine. The curriculum leading to the different qualifications, the dissimilar diagnostic methods, contrasting treatment philosophies and the disparate composition of medicines administered sets the allopathy doctors apart.

Further, casualty, critical care, trauma management and the emergency interventional procedures are dealt with by allopathy doctors and not by AYUSH doctors. These aspects according to us, puts the former in a different class altogether, who can be classified differently for service conditions. This has a reasonable nexus with the object sought to be achieved, i.e.: the sufficiency of qualified and experienced MBBS doctors with better pay scales and longer service, both.

9. We cannot ignore the submission of the States that enhancement of retirement age was only to ensure that there are sufficient experienced medical practitioners available to treat the public. The dearth of medical practitioners as occurring in allopathy does not exist in the indigenous systems of medicine especially when critical life-saving therapeutic, interventional and surgical care is not carried out by the practitioners of indigenous systems of medicine.

There is divergence of opinion insofar as whether the MBBS doctors and doctors practicing indigenous systems of medicine can be treated equally, for the purpose of service conditions, which on principle, it is trite cannot result in treatment of unequals as equals. We are of the opinion that there should be an authoritative pronouncement on the issue and we hence refer the matter to a larger Bench. The Registry is directed to place the matter before the Hon'ble the Chief Justice of India on the administrative side.

10. In the meanwhile, the States and the authorities would be entitled to either continue the practitioners of indigenous systems of medicine, even after the age of superannuation specified for them till the age of superannuation provided for MBBS doctors, without the benefit of regular pay and allowances. Eventually, if the larger Bench holds in favour of the AYUSH doctors, entitling them for enhancement in retirement age, the practitioners would be entitled to avail pay and allowances during the period they were continued.

However, if they are not allowed to continue by virtue of this order, still they would be entitled to avail the pay and allowances for the enhanced period, if the issue is held in their favour. If the State Government permits such continuance and the individual doctors do not take up such assignment without regular pay and allowances, they would be treated as retired and the fate of this reference will be inconsequential to them.

11. Considering the fact that if the AYUSH doctors are continued, they will not be entitled to pension also, it is directed that they shall be paid half of the pay and allowances, which, if the reference does not yield any favourable orders will be adjusted in their pension or otherwise against the regular pay and allowances.

12. Ordered accordingly.

....................CJI. (B. R. Gavai)

......................J. (K. Vinod Chandran)

New Delhi;

October 17, 2025.

1 (2021) 17 SCC 642

2 2023 SCC OnLine SC 503

3 Special Leave Petition (C) No.3946 of 2023

4 2023 SCC Online 996